Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
http://www.jvb.periodikos.com.br/article/doi/10.1590/1677-5449.200131
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
Review Article

COVID-19 grave: entenda o papel da imunidade, do endotélio e da coagulação na prática clínica

Severe COVID-19: understanding the role of immunity, endothelium, and coagulation in clinical practice

Simone Cristina Soares Brandão; Emmanuelle Tenório Albuquerque Madruga Godoi; Júlia de Oliveira Xavier Ramos; Leila Maria Magalhães Pessoa de Melo; Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti Sarinho

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Resumo

Resumo: O SARS-CoV-2 é o responsável pela pandemia da COVID-19. O sistema imunológico é fator determinante no combate à infecção viral e, quando atua equilibrada e eficientemente, a doença é autolimitada e benigna. Uma parcela significativa da população, porém, apresenta resposta imune exacerbada. Os indivíduos diabéticos, hipertensos, obesos e com doenças cardiovasculares, infectados pelo vírus, apresentam maior chance de progredir para formas graves. Essas doenças estão relacionadas a processos inflamatórios crônicos e disfunção endotelial. Os receptores do tipo Toll estão presentes nas células de defesa e participam da imunopatologia de doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas, levando à produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias quando ativados. Devido à ação viral e à hiperativação do sistema imune, estados de hiperinflamação, hiperativação plaquetária, disfunção endotelial e hipercoagulabilidade são desenvolvidos, predispondo a tromboses venosas e arteriais. Discutiremos sobre a interação entre a COVID-19, a imunidade, o endotélio e a coagulação, como também sobre as possíveis causas de doenças cardiometabólicas impactarem negativamente na evolução da COVID-19.

Palavras-chave

COVID-19, endotélio, imunidade, aterosclerose, trombose

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The immune system is a determinant factor in defense against viral infections. Thus, when it acts in a balanced and effective manner the disease is self-limited and benign. Nevertheless, in a significant proportion of the population, the immune response is exaggerated. When infected, patients with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are more likely to progress to severe forms. These diseases are related to chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Toll-like receptors are expressed on immune cells and play an important role in the physiopathology of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. When activated, they can induce release of inflammatory cytokines. Hypercoagulability, hyperinflammation, platelet hyperresponsiveness, and endothelial dysfunction occur in immune system hyperactivity caused by viral activity, thereby increasing the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. We discuss the interactions between COVID-19, immunity, the endothelium, and coagulation, as well as why cardiometabolic diseases have a negative impact on COVID-19 prognosis.

Keywords

COVID-19; endothelium; immunity; atherosclerosis; thrombosis.

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Submitted date:
07/22/2020

Accepted date:
08/17/2020

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